Relacionamento amoroso: perspectivas de homens acusados de violência por parceiro íntimo / Love relationship: perspectives of men accused of intimate partner violence / Relación amorosa: perspectivas de los homebres acusados de violencia de pareja

A violência conjugal é um grave problema de saúde pública. Iniciativas que busquem compreender os elementos envolvidos na violência são relevantes para sua melhor compreensão e para o desenvolvimento de ferramentas interventivas. Este artigo apresenta um estudo qualitativo sobre as concepções de relacionamento amoroso presentes nos relatos de onze homens acusados de violência conjugal, conforme a Lei 11.340, Maria da Penha, em uma capital do Brasil. Foram utilizados questionários sociodemográficos e grupos focais para coleta das informações. Através da Análise Temática, destacam-se os resultados concernentes ao conceito de relacionamento amoroso, comunicação e estratégias de resolução de conflitos, bem como suas subcategorias. Verificou-se o quanto a figura tradicional masculina enfrenta um processo de ambiguidade em seu papel social, o que gera reverberações na relação conjugal. Ademais, o uso da violência como estratégia ineficaz de resolução de conflitos e a idealização amorosa ocupam um lugar de destaque. Salienta-se a importância de pesquisas e intervenções com esta população

Marital violence is a serious public health problem. Initiatives aimed at understanding the elements involved in domestic violence are relevant to better understand it and to develop intervention tools. This is a qualitative study and it aims to analyze and understand the conceptions of love relationships in the reports of men accused of conjugal violence and framed under Law 11.340, Maria da Penha, in a Brazilian capital. A Sociodemographic questionnaire and Focus Group were applied to data collection. Thematic Analysis was used to highlight the results concerning the concept of love relationships, couple's communication, and conflict resolution strategies and their subcategories. It was verified how much the traditional male figure faces a process of ambiguity in his social role, affecting the marital relationship. In addition, the use of violence as an ineffective strategy for conflict resolution and the love idealization occupy a prominent place. The importance of research and interventions in this population is emphasized

La violencia marital es un grave problema de salud pública. Las iniciativas destinadas a comprender los elementos involucrados en la violencia son relevantes para su mejor comprensión y para el desarrollo de herramientas de intervención. Este artículo presenta un estudio cualitativo sobre las concepciones sobre la relación amorosa presente en los informes de once hombres acusados de violencia conyugal (Ley 11.340, Maria da Penha), en una capital brasileña. El cuestionario sociodemográfico y el grupo focal se utilizaron para recopilar información. A través del análisis temático, destacamos los resultados sobre el concepto de relación de amor, comunicación y estrategias de resolución de conflictos. Se verificó cuánto se enfrenta la figura masculina tradicional a un proceso de ambigüedad en su papel social, produciendo reverberaciones en la relación matrimonial. Además, el uso de la violencia como una estrategia ineficaz para la resolución de conflictos y la idealización del amor ocupan un lugar destacado. Se enfatiza la importancia de la investigación y las intervenciones con esta población

Crenças sobre a violência conjugal: uma explicação a partir dos valores humanos / Beliefs about Conjugal Violence: An Explanation from Human Values

Objetivo. O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a relação entre valores humanos e crenças sobre a violência conjugal. Método. Contou com uma amostra composta por 202 sujeitos da população geral da cidade de Parnaíba-PI, com uma média de idade de 28,52 anos (DP = 10,33). Estes responderam as seguintes escalas: Escala de Crenças sobre a Violência Conjugal (ECVC), Questionário de Valores Básicos (QVB-18) e um Questionário Sociodemográfico. O software SPSS (versão 22) auxiliou na execução das análises descritivas, correlação (r de Pearson), e regressão (Métodos Stepwise). Resultados. Os resultados apontaram que as subfunções Interativa, Suprapessoal, e Existência apresentam correlações significativas e inversas com todas as dimensões da ECVC; ou seja, ratificam a capacidade dos valores humanos de explicarem construtos sociais, como a violência conjugal.

Objective. The The present work aimed to discover the relationship between human values and beliefs about marital violence. Method. The sample was composed by 202 subjects from the general population of the city of Parnaíba-PI. The average age was 28.52 years (SD = 10.33). They were administered the following instruments: Belief on Marital Violence Scale (BMVS), Basic Values ​​Questionnaire (BVQ-18), and a Socio-demographic Questionnaire. The SPSS software (version 22) assisted in the execution of descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation (r), and regression (Stepwise Methods). Results. The results showed that the Interactive, Suprapersonal, and Existence subfunctions present significant and inverse correlations with all dimensions of BMVS; they ratify the ability of human values to explain social constructs such as marital violence.

Strategic analysis of intimate partner violence (IPV) and cycle of violence in the autobiographical text -When I Hit You.

Objectives: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a globally recognized societal problem that requires intensive research to raise public awareness. Aim: Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to analyze IPV at the physical, psychological, and social aspects of abuse. Method: The methodology of the study correlates IPV to the personal experiences of notable Indian writer, Meena Kandasamy, according to the autobiographical account of her abusive married life in the award-winning novel When I Hit You, which depicts the horrible treatment of women by their perpetrators within a closed sphere. To substantiate, the selected autobiographical work is compared with Lenore Edna Walker's prominent Cycle of Violence theory, which best describes why women become victims and also the abuser's tactics in controlling the women in a violent relationship. Results: The study's findings suggest that IPV, a serious global problem, requires government intervention and severe legal enforcement to protect women's lives from the clutches of the abuser.

He hit me; but it's okay! Female submissiveness in marital abuse: A review in Indian context.

India, a country with manifold multicultural bonds and relationships often witnesses a gross number of conflicted marital relationships. The plight in the frequency of marital abuse reporting in India has called gross public health attention globally. Multiple factors contribute to this arena in which, when we analyse can find out females submissiveness to report and or react to such kind of abusive incidences. The objective of this article is to review recent literature on female submissiveness in marital abuse. This narrative review is carried out to depict various perspectives that initiate abusive relationships and certain factors that prevent women from being subjected to rapid response. Literature relevant to the topic which was published within twenty years in prominent journals, newspapers, and websites has been reviewed thoroughly while writing this paper. Keywords for literature search included terms such as domestic violence, intimate partner violence/abuse, spouse abuse, married woman/female submissiveness, abusive marital relationships, and marital abuse. There is a paucity of studies analysing psychological and socio-demographic determinants of this submissiveness within such relationships in India. Several factors such as cultural, psycho-social, environmental attributes may prompt submissiveness among females in abusive marital relationships, which often leads to psychopathology and physical ailments. It is important to understand the need for a multidisciplinary approach to preventing marital abuse as a public health issue. By preventing and modulating such factors public health and women's well-being can be preserved in various domains.

Marriage Without Meaningful Consent and Compromised Agency in Married Life: Evidence From Married Girls in Jharkhand, India.

PURPOSE: Marriage without meaningful consent persists in India, yet early marriage programs have rarely addressed consent, and research on the practice and its consequences for married life is limited. This study explores how consent in marriage decisions affects married life, specifically, agency, gender attitudes, spousal communication, contraception, and marital violence outcomes. METHODS: A subset of 1991 married girls and young women was drawn from a 2018 state-representative survey of adolescents and youth aged 15-21 years in Jharkhand. We compared outcomes between those in self-arranged marriages (n = 392), those in semi-arranged marriages who were acquainted with their husbands before marriage (n = 612), and those in fully parent-arranged marriages with no premarital contact (n = 995). Logistic regression analyses identify associations between marriage decision-making and outcomes of interest, controlling for confounding sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: Compared with girls whose marriages were self-arranged, those in both fully parent- and semi-arranged marriages were less likely, respectively, to make household decisions (odds ratios [OR], .37 and .60), hold egalitarian gender role attitudes (OR, .48 and .66), uphold girls' rights (OR, .41 and .48), communicate with their husbands (OR, .48 and .64), and practice contraception (OR, .51 and .67). Those in fully family-arranged marriages also had less freedom of movement (OR, .64) and were less likely to express self-efficacy (OR, .64). Marital violence was unrelated to marriage arrangements. CONCLUSIONS: Self-arranged marriage is associated with more positive outcomes than family-arranged ones, including semi-arranged ones, but marriage arrangements are unrelated with marital violence. Findings reaffirm the need to breakdown prevailing patriarchal norms and promote girls' right to meaningful, "free and full consent".

Transgeracionalidade e violência: um estudo com mulheres vítimas de relações conjugais violentas / Transgenerationality and violence: a study with women victims of violent marital relationships / Transgeneracionalidad y violencia: un estudio con mujeres víctimas de relaciones conyugales violentas

O estudo teve como objetivo compreender as experiências familiares e conjugais de mulheres em situação de violência conjugal. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, com três mulheres em situação de violência conjugal. Os instrumentos incluíram uma entrevista sobre as relações familiares e o genograma familiar. A investigação das relações transgeracionais apontou que as mulheres haviam vivenciado padrões violentos em suas próprias famílias de origem na infância e/ou adolescência, presenciado violência entre os pais, ou como vítimas de violência parental. Tais vivências podem ter favorecido a manutenção das mulheres nas relações violentas. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a importância da ampliação do olhar sobre a violência conjugal, considerando, também, vivências na família de origem, tanto em relação a intervenções junto às mulheres, quanto em termos preventivos, visando favorecer o desenvolvimento de práticas educativas não coercitivas nas famílias. Abstract

The study aimed to understand the family and conjugal experiences of women in situations of conjugal violence. This is a multiple case study, with three women in situations of conjugal violence. The instruments included an interview on family relationships and the family genogram. The investigation of transgenerational relationships pointed out that the women had experienced violent patterns in their own families of origin during childhood and/or adolescence, witnessed violence between parents, or were victims of parental violence. Such experiences may have favored the maintenance of the women in violent relationships. The results found point to the importance of expanding the view on conjugal violence, considering also experiences in the family of origin, both in relation to interventions with women and in preventive terms, aiming to favor the development of non-coercive educational practices in families.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las vivencias familiares y conyugales de las mujeres en situación de violencia conyugal. Es un estudio de casos múltiples, con tres mujeres en situación de violencia conyugal. Los instrumentos incluyeron una entrevista sobre relaciones familiares y el genograma familiar. La investigación de las relaciones transgeneracionales mostró que las mujeres habían experimentado patrones violentos en sus familias de origen en la infancia y/o adolescencia, siendo testigos de violencia entre los padres, o como víctimas de violencia parental. Tales experiencias pueden haber favorecido el mantenimiento de las mujeres en las relaciones violentas. Los resultados encontrados señalan la importancia de ampliar la mirada sobre la violencia conyugal, considerando también las experiencias en la familia de origen, tanto en relación a intervenciones con mujeres, como en términos preventivos, con el objetivo de favorecer el desarrollo de prácticas educativas no coercitivas en las familias.

Effects of Gender Role Beliefs on Social Connectivity and Marital Safety: Findings From a Cross-Sectional Study Among Married Adolescent Girls in India.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine associations of gender role beliefs with marital safety as well as social and digital connectivity among married adolescent girls in India. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional survey data from married adolescent girls from rural Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India in 2015-2016 (N = 4,893). Gender role belief items assessed participants' beliefs regarding appropriateness of female marital choice and economic decision-making, male childcare responsibility, and marital violence. The outcomes were time with friends (social connection), freedom of movement, mobile phone ownership and internet access (digital connection), and safety from marital violence (marital safety). Adjusted regression models examined associations between gender role beliefs and outcomes, caste/religion beliefs related to segregation, and demographics. RESULTS: Beliefs supportive of female marital choice (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.88, p = .048) and female economic decision-making (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03-1.99, p = .03) were associated with social connection. Beliefs supportive of female marital choice (AOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.31-2.71, p = .001), female economic decision-making (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.03-2.72, p = .04), and male childcare responsibilities (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.05-1.94, p = .03) were associated with freedom of movement. Belief supporting female marital choice was associated with mobile phone ownership (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.50, p = .04), and belief supporting male childcare responsibility was associated with internet access (AOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.11-2.77, p = .02). Beliefs supportive of female marital choice (AOR .73, 95% CI .59-.89, p = .003), male childcare responsibility (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.54, p = .02), and unacceptability of marital violence (AOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.38-2.15, p < .001) were associated with safety from marital violence. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive gender role beliefs regarding female choice, control, and safety in marriage are associated with greater connectivity and safety for married adolescent girls in India. Future studies that can longitudinally assess these associations are warranted.

Beliefs on Marital Violence Among Portuguese Adolescents: Monitoring Their Evolution and Relationship With Dating Violence.

In the last two decades, the problem of violence in the family sphere in particular and in intimate relationships in general has been on the agenda for Portuguese governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Several initiatives and campaigns have been launched, which are aimed at reducing occurrence of this violence, particularly among teenagers. This present study aims to assess the evolution in adolescents' attitudes and behaviors concerning intimate partner violence. We collected data from a sample of adolescents (n = 913) to compare with corresponding data collected 7 years ago by Neves and Nogueira (2010) in a sample that had identical sociodemographic characteristics (n = 899). Both cohorts resided in the same areas in the northeastern region of Portugal. The instruments used were the Scale of Beliefs about Marital Violence (ECVC) and the Marital Violence Inventory (IVC; Neves & Nogueira, 2010). The results indicate that although respondents tend to reject traditional beliefs on marital violence more now than in the past, especially male and older respondents, the percentage of dating violence reports has not decreased. Among girls, there was even an increase in perpetration of emotional and mild physical violence. We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy between the evolution of attitudes and behaviors and make suggestions for improvement in the actions implemented among teenagers to increase their effectiveness.

Perpetration and Experience of Intimate Partner Violence Among Residents in Bariga Local Community Development Area, Lagos State, Nigeria.

The occurrence of aggressive behavior in intimate relationships carries serious mental and physical health consequences for the victims and children exposed to such events. Studies have been devoted toward understanding the nature and prevalence of the phenomenon; however, there has been a paucity of empirical investigation into the complexities and nuances of the subject matter, and this study seeks to address one of such complexities. This study examines the dynamics of intimate partner violence (IPV) within the context of perpetration and victimization among residents in Bariga Local Community Development Area in Lagos State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey, 218 married residents of the area were analyzed through bivariate and multivariate regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that gender and socioeconomic factors were not associated with IPV victimization. Educational differences between the respondent and spouse were associated with IPV victimization. Individuals who perpetrated IPV were about 19 times more likely to experience IPV. This study sheds light on the areas of IPV that tend to be ignored in academic literature and it calls for more empirical investigation, both at the quantitative and qualitative levels, to be conducted for better understanding of the subject matter.

Experiences of Physical and Psychological Violence Against Male Victims in Canada: A Qualitative Study.

The concept of intimate partner violence (IPV) implies gender-neutrality in the experiences of violence. Gender symmetry in IPV implies similar numbers of men and women victims. Data from the 2014 Canadian General Social Survey (Victimization) indicate that 262,267 men and 159,829 women were victims of self-reported spousal violence over the past 5 years. Despite the prevailing notion that IPV predominantly affects female victims, these data suggest that men too are victims of IPV, especially in heterosexual relationships. However, very few qualitative studies have shed light on heterosexual male victims' experiences of IPV. This article describes some of these experiences and also seeks to understand the effects of IPV on male victims. Qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 male victims of IPV were used to explore their experience of physical IPV and psychological IPV, as well as the consequences of such abuse. Results revealed common themes pertaining to the type of abuses (i.e., physical, controlling and threatening behaviours, and verbal abuse) male victims experienced and the subsequent physical and psychological impacts. This study identifies the need to distinguish between physically and psychologically abused male victims of IPV.

Does Female Authority Prevent Male Marital Violence? Evidence From Rural Bangladesh.

While relative resource status between husband and wife is widely discussed in the explanation of male marital violence (MMV) behaviors, the influence of relative family authority between husband and wife on the violence has been generally overlooked in previous studies. An examination can provide a better understanding of the issue. This study examined how various levels of female authority within the family are associated with MMV against women in rural Bangladesh. The study adopted a cross-sectional design and included 342 married men randomly selected from five northwest villages. Negative binomial regression was performed to predict the frequency of self-reported MMV behaviors in a 1-year recall period which estimated the ratios comparing absolute male authority to egalitarian authority within the family. Of the sample, 37.4% were the egalitarian/fair female authority, 41.2% were the higher male authority, and 21.4% were absolute male authority families; 71.1% of the men revealed that they had resorted to at least one incident of MMV (psychological or physical or sexual) against their wives in the year preceding the survey. The mean of yearly MMV occurrences was 6.29 (SD = 7.58), ranging from 0 to 42. The study revealed that the frequency of MMV against women was 1.96 times higher among absolute male authority families than in egalitarian families. It further revealed that the frequency of psychological abuse was 1.63 times, physical attack 2.89 times, and sexual coercion 1.88 times higher among absolute male authority families than among egalitarian/fair female authority families. Higher male authority did not appear to be different from egalitarian authority in MMV occurrences. The study suggests that increased female authority within the family unit may prevent women from being exposed to MMV in a patriarchal social order.

Marital Violence affecting female nurses and its physical and mental health consequences.

THE AIM: To investigate the relationship between marital violence and Jordanian nurses' physical and mental health. BACKGROUND: Despite the negative impact of marital violence on female nurses' health, few studies have investigated its physical and mental aspects. METHOD: A descriptive correlational design was used to investigate the relationship between marital violence and the physical and mental health of female Jordanian nurses. One hundred ninety-eight female Jordanian nurses from five governmental hospitals were recruited. The Women Abuse Screening Test was used to measure forms of violence, and the SF-36 V2 instrument was used to examine physical and mental health. The prevalence of violence was calculated, and the linear relationship between violence and physical and mental health was measured using Pearson correlation. RESULTS: Female nurses reported a high percentage of different forms of violence. The study results revealed a negative relationship between violence and mental health and physical health. CONCLUSION: Jordanian female nurses suffered hazardous physical and mental health consequences of violence that adversely affect their entire life. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY AND EDUCATION: Nursing educators should establish clear guidelines and training policies on marital violence for nurses through creation of an effective and cooperative networking and resources. Also, nursing/health policymakers should create responsive healthcare environment through raising the awareness on marital violence against nurses and providing counselling services for emergency and concurrent cases.

Factors Influencing Marital Violence Among Vietnamese Women in Taiwan.

Introduction: Marital violence is a global women's health issue. This study aimed to examine the factors influencing marital violence among Vietnamese immigrant women in Taiwan. Method: A cross-sectional research design was used. Snowball sampling was applied to recruit 250 Vietnamese women in southeast Taiwan. Data were collected through a survey from August 2015 to January 2016. The data were analyzed using a regression analysis. Results: This study found that 70.4% of Vietnamese women had experienced marital violence in the past year. Participants who did not depend on their husband's income and held stronger views objecting to marital violence experienced a higher frequency of violence inflicted by their spouses. Conclusions/Implications: The study findings provide preliminary insight for nurses and a better understanding of the situation. They can be used not only to address the factors of marital violence affecting Vietnamese women in Taiwan but also to design marital violence-related interventions within a male-dominated culture.

Prevalence and risk factors for domestic violence among infertile Egyptian women: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: Domestic violence (DV) is an important social and public health problem affecting women globally. This study aims to assess the prevalence and risk factors of DV among infertile Egyptian women. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study included infertile women attending the outpatient gynaecological clinic in a tertiary University hospital was carried out between September 2017 and October 2018. After obtaining ethical approval, 304 infertile women were enrolled in the study and investigated using an interview questionnaire of Infertile Women's Exposure to Violence Determination Scale (IWEVDS). The questionnaire was examined for accuracy after translation into the Arabic language. Results: The infertile women's reported DV resulted in an average total score on the IWEVDS of 73 ± 17. The top three domains with the highest scales were DV, punishment and exposure to traditional practices domains with scale 20.84 ± 7.67, 18.25 ± 4.15 and 14.63 ± 3.18 points, respectively. Using Multivariable linear regression analysis, we found that the best-fitting predictors for this scale were the wife's age (p = .001), residency (p = .033), previous intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (p = .016), divorce threatens (p = .022) and fear from husband (p = .026). Conclusions: Infertile Egyptian women are at an increased risk of DV. The most common forms of DV are psychological violence and verbal abuse.

Implications of Experiences in the Family of Origin and Infidelity in Violence Loving Relationships / Implicações das Experiências na Família de Origem e de Infidelidade na Violência dos Relacionamentos Amorosos / Implicaciones de las Experiencias en la Familia de Origen y la Infidelidad en la Violencia de las Relaciones Românticas

Abstract The experiences of partners in their families of origin, the circumstances of everyday life and aspects of infidelity in the marital relationship have been studied to explain the genesis of intimate partner violence. This study investigated the experiences of the family of origin, which sociodemographic data and what factors associated with infidelity have a greater predictive power of intimate partner violence, besides the possible interactions between these variables. A quantitative, correlational and explanatory study was developed with 600 participants (384 men, 216 women), correlations were established and linear regression models were proposed. The results identified that circumstances of daily life (such as gender, having children or not, partner's age) and experiences in the family of origin (physical neglect, sexual abuse and parental alliance) contribute to the explanation of the different expressions of violence in the couple. Infidelity, although correlated with violence, did not prove to be a predictor. Physical neglect and sexual abuse were identified as predictors of physical violence while the dysfunctional parental alliance was a predictor of psychological violence. The women showed higher rates of psychological violence while men presented greater perpetration of sexual coercion. The marital clinic is a highlighting in this context, since it proposes to welcome and treat the conjugal relationship in its structuring and relational aspects, improving the establishment of more balanced, stable and functional relational models.

Resumo Experiências dos parceiros nas famílias de origem, circunstâncias da vida cotidiana e aspectos da infidelidade na relação conjugal têm sido estudados para explicar a gênese da violência no casal. Este estudo investigou as experiências da família de origem, quais variáveis sociodemográficas e que fatores associados à infidelidade possuem maior poder preditivo da violência nos relacionamentos íntimos, além das suas possíveis interações. Um estudo quantitativo, correlacional-explicativo foi desenvolvido com 216 homens e 384 mulheres (n=600). Correlações foram estabelecidas e modelos de regressão linear foram propostos. Resultados identificaram que circunstâncias da vida cotidiana (sexo, ter filhos ou não, idade dos parceiros) e experiências na família de origem (negligência física, abuso sexual e aliança parental) contribuem para a explicação das expressões de violência no casal. A infidelidade se correlacionou com a violência, mas não se mostrou preditora. Negligência física e abuso sexual identificaram-se como preditores da violência física e a aliança parental disfuncional mostrou-se preditora da violência psicológica. Mulheres revelaram maiores taxas de violência psicológica enquanto homens apresentaram maior perpetração da coerção sexual. Destaca-se a importância da clínica conjugal que se propõe a acolher e tratar a relação conjugal em sua estrutura relacional, favorecendo o estabelecimento de modelos mais equilibrados, estáveis e funcionais.

Resumen Las experiencias de los cónyuges en sus familias de origen, y las circunstancias de la vida cotidiana, infidelidad en la relación conyugal se ha estudiado con el fin de explicar la génesis de la violencia en la pareja. Este estúdio investigó las experiências de la família de origen, que las variables sociodemográficas y fatores associados a la infidelidade tienen mayor poder predictivo de la violência na las relaciones íntimas, además de las posibles interaciones entre estas variables. Un estudio explicativo cuantitativo, correlacional se llevó a cabo con 384 216 hombres y 216 384 mujeres (n = 600). Las correlaciones se establecen y se propusieron modelos de regresión lineal. Resultados encontrado que las circunstancias de la vida cotidiana (sexo, tienen hijos o no, la edad de los socios) y experiencias en la familia de origen (abandono físico, el abuso sexual y la alianza de los padres) contribuir a una explicación de las expresiones de la violencia no se doble. El infidelidadese correlacionada con la violencia, pero no fue predictiva. abandono físico y el abuso sexual fueron identificados como predictores de la violencia física y una alianza parental disfuncional demostrado ser un predictor de la violencia psicológica. Las mujeres mostraron tasas más altas de violencia psicológica, mientras que los hombres eran más comisión de coacción sexual. Se destaca la importancia de la clínica civil que ofrece un acogedor y es una relación marital en una estructura relacional, favoreciendo la creación de modelos más equilibradas, estables y funcionales.

Trauma Exposure in Relation to the Content of Mother-Child Emotional Conversations and Quality of Interaction.

Parent-child conversations contribute to understanding and regulating children's emotions. Similarities and differences in discussed topics, quality of interaction and coherence/elaboration in mother-child conversations about emotional experiences of the child were studied in dyads who had been exposed to interpersonal trauma (N = 213) and non-trauma-exposed dyads (N = 86). Results showed that in conversations about negative emotions, trauma-exposed children more often discussed trauma topics and focused less on relationship topics than non-trauma-exposed children. Trauma-exposed dyads found it more difficult to come up with a story. The most common topics chosen by dyads to discuss for each emotion were mostly similar between trauma-exposed dyads and non-trauma-exposed dyads. Dyads exposed to interpersonal traumatic events showed lower quality of interaction and less coherence/elaboration than dyads who had not experienced traumatic events. Discussion of traumatic topics was associated with lower quality of mother-child interaction and less coherent dialogues. In conclusion, the effect of the trauma is seen at several levels in mother-child interaction: topics, behavior and coherence. A focus on support in developing a secure relationship after trauma may be important for intervention.

Caracterización de la violencia doméstica en parejas disfuncionales cubanas / Characterization of domestic violence in Cuban dysfunctional couples

Introducción: La violencia alcanza la categoría de epidemia en muchos países. Sus registros son mínimos cuando se produce en la cotidianidad del hogar o en el marco de una relación de pareja. Objetivo: Caracterizar la violencia doméstica en parejas disfuncionales cubanas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en el policlínico capitalino Ana Betancourt durante el año 2017. El universo de estudio estuvo representado por 43 parejas. A las 30 parejas, escogidas por criterios de selección, se les aplicó un cuestionario y la alternativa de respuesta, a cada rubro, se eligió por acuerdo entre las partes. Resultados: Se constató maltrato psicológico en 60 por ciento de las parejas y maltrato combinado en 40 por ciento. En ambas modalidades, la totalidad señaló que el castigo ocurrió en seis o más ocasiones durante el último año, y a la figura masculina como victimaria, en más de la mitad de las veces, la cual, 33,3 por ciento estaba bajo el efecto del alcohol. La totalidad refirió, casi siempre, discusiones en el hogar y declaró nunca utilizar la negociación para intentar solucionar conflictos; 43,3 por ciento señaló las relaciones afectivas de precaria calidad como el principal factor de riesgo familiar asociado al actual patrón de violencia doméstica. Conclusiones: La violencia se detectó en la totalidad de las parejas. Predominó el maltrato psicológico. Prevaleció el estilo autoritario en la relación de pareja. Como consecuencia del comportamiento violento ambos cónyuges están física y mentalmente dañados(AU)

Introduction: Violence reaches the category of epidemics in many countries. Its records are minimal when it occurs in the daily life of a home or in the context of a couple's relationship. Objective: To characterize domestic violence in Cuban dysfunctional couples. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Ana Betancourt Policlinic, in Havana City during 2017. The sample group was formed by 43 couples. A questionnaire was applied to the 30 couples chosen by selection criteria and the alternative of response to each item was chosen by agreement between the parties. Results: Psychological abuse was found in 60 percent of the couples and combined abuse in 40 percent. In both modalities, the totality noted that punishment occurred on six or more occasions during the last year, and the male figure was the perpetrator in more than half of the times, which, 33.3 percent was under the effect of alcohol. The totality almost always referred disputes at home and stated negotiation was never used to try to solve disputes; 43.3 percent noted the affective relationships of precarious quality as the main factor of family risk associated with the current pattern of domestic violence. Conclusions: Violence was detected in all couples. Psychological abuse predominated. The authoritarian style prevailed in the couple's relationship. As a result of violent behaviour both spouses are physically and mentally damaged(AU)

Public health impact of marital violence against women in India.

The public health ramifications of marital violence are well documented and include injury, mental health concerns and physical health consequences for women and their offspring. Unfortunately, there remains social tolerance and even acceptance of these abuses against women, and health systems in India have done little to support victims despite their greater health risks. However, there are promising efforts and important advancements in India that could be built on for more effective prevention and support for women. Men and boys should be engaged in gender transformative interventions with male role models to alter men's attitudes of acceptability of and justification for marital violence and consequently their actual abusive behaviours. Given the strong demonstrated connection between men's risky and problem alcohol use and marital violence, alcohol interventions may also be beneficial. We must support women and girls vulnerable to marital violence, a group disproportionately affected by violence in their natal families as well, so they know that violence need not be part of their marriage relationship, and have skills on how to engage and communicate with or even leave their male partners to reduce their risk for violence. Formal services should be expanded for those in immediate danger and particularly for rural areas, where prevalence of marital violence is highest and supports are weakest. Finally, given the pervasiveness of attitudes accepting husbands' marital violence against women, and the fact that these have remained largely unchanged in India for a decade, large scale community and social change efforts are needed.

Acolhimento psicológico para mulheres vítimas de violência conjugal / Psychological shelter for women victims of marital violence / Acogida psicológica a las mujeres víctimas de violencia conyugal

A violência contra as mulheres manifesta-se cotidianamente na dinâmica conjugal entre os sujeitos envolvidos, panorama que se faz presente nos Serviços Especializados às Mulheres que sofreram algum tipo de abuso (físico e/ou psicológico). Esta pesquisa buscou identificar a relevância do acolhimento psicológico nesses serviços, bem como analisar as características das mulheres acolhidas. O estudo teve como base a abordagem qualitativa e delineamento exploratório, descritivo e transversal. Participaram 14 mulheres encaminhadas ao serviço, após o registro do Boletim de Ocorrência em uma delegacia no sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada pela técnica de entrevista semiestruturada, cujos dados foram analisados por meio do conteúdo temático categorial. Os resultados demonstram que, mediante acolhimento psicológico, as mulheres mencionam maior alívio, suporte emocional e reflexões positivas acerca de sua autoimagem. Considera-se que os dados obtidos corroboram e qualificam intervenções nesse âmbito.

Violence against women manifests itself daily in the conjugal dynamics between the involved subjects, a panorama that is present in the Specialized Services to Women who have suffered some type of abuse (physical and / or psychological). This research sought to identify the relevance of the psychological reception in these services, as well as to analyze the characteristics of the women received. The study was based on the qualitative approach and exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional design. Participated in 14 women referred to the service, after the registration of the Occurrence Bulletin in a police station in the South of Brazil. The data collection was performed by the semi structured interview technique whose data were analyzed through the categorical thematic content. The results show that, through psychological reception, women mention greater relief, emotional support and positive reflections about their self-image. It is considered that the data obtained corroborate and qualify interventions in this area.

La violencia contra las mujeres se manifiesta cotidianamente en la dinámica conyugal entre los sujetos involucrados, panorama que se hace presente en los Servicios Especializados a las Mujeres que sufrieron algún tipo de abuso (físico y / o psicológico). Esta investigación buscó identificar la relevancia de la acogida psicológica en esos servicios, así como analizar las características de las mujeres acogidas. El estudio tuvo como base el abordaje cualitativo y delineamiento exploratorio, descriptivo y transversal. Participaron 14 mujeres encaminadas al servicio, tras el registro del Boletín de Ocurrencia en una comisaría en el sur de Brasil. La recolección de datos fue realizada por la técnica de entrevista semiestructurada cuyos datos fueron analizados por medio del contenido temático categorial. Los resultados demuestran que, mediante la acogida psicológica, las mujeres mencionan mayor alivio, soporte emocional y reflexiones positivas acerca de su auto-imagen. Se considera que los datos obtenidos corroboran y califica intervenciones en este ámbito.

Kinship and Intimate Partner Violence Against Married Women in Ghana: A Qualitative Exploration.

In African societies, kinship ties determine how women are socialized, their access to power and wealth, as well as custody of children, often considered important factors in married women's experience of intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet studies that examine how kinship norms influence IPV are scant. Using in-depth interviews collected from women identifying with both matrilineal and patrilineal descent systems, we explored differences in Ghanaian women's experiences of IPV in both kin groups. Results show that while IPV occurs across matrilineal and patrilineal societies, all women in patrilineal societies narrated continuous pattern of emotional, physical, and sexual assault, and their retaliation to any type of violence almost always culminated in more experience of violent attacks and abandonment. In matrilineal societies, however, more than half of the women recounted frequent experiences of emotional violence, and physical violence occurred as isolated events resulting from common couple disagreements. Sexual violence against matrilineal women occurred as consented but unwanted sexual acts, but patrilineal women narrated experiencing violent emotional and physical attack with aggressive unconsented sexual intercourse. Contextualizing these findings within existing literature on IPV against women suggests that policies aimed at addressing widespread IPV in Ghanaian communities should appreciate the dynamics of kinship norms.